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One of the most common ways that people cope with trauma is through the comfort found in religious or spiritual practices.〔Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York: Guilford Press.〕 Psychologists of religion have performed multiple studies to measure the positive and negative effects of this coping style.〔Trevino, K. M., Pargament, K. I. (2007). Religious coping with terrorism and natural disaster. Southern Medical Journal, 100(9), 946-947.〕 Leading researchers have split religious coping into two categories: positive religious coping and negative religious coping. Individuals who use positive religious coping are likely to seek spiritual support and look for meaning in a traumatic situation. Negative religious coping (or Spiritual struggles) expresses conflict, question, and doubt regarding issues of God and faith. The effects of religious coping are measured in many different circumstances, each with different outcomes. Some common experiences where people use religious coping are fear-inflicting events such as 9/11 or the holocaust, death and sickness, and near death experiences. Research also shows that people also use religious coping to deal with everyday stressors in addition to life-changing traumas. The underlying assumption of the ability of religion to influence the coping process lies in the observation that religion is more than a defence mechanism as it was viewed by Sigmund Freud. Rather than inspiring denial, religion stimulates reinterpretations of negative events through the sacred lens.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first1=D )〕 ==Styles of religious coping== Kenneth Pargament is the author of the book Psychology of Religion and Coping and a leading researcher in religious coping. Along with developing the “RCOPE” questionnaire to measure religious coping strategies,〔Kenneth I. Pargament, Harold G. Koenig & Lisa M. Perez (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, v56 n4, pp519-543. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1〕 Pargament and his colleagues designated three basic styles of coping with stress.〔Kenneth I. Pargament, Joseph Kennell, William Hathaway, Nancy Grevengoed, Jon Newman & Wendy Jones (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, v27 n1, pp90-104. ISSN 0021-8294〕 In Pargament’s article Religion and the Problem-Solving Process: Three Styles of Coping, he identifies the collaborative, self-directed, and deferring coping styles. The collaborative style of religious coping involves an active and internalized personal exchange with God. The deferring coping style is when individuals rely heavily on God and delegate their stress without taking personal responsibility for the situation. The self-directed style of religious coping emphasizes the free will given by God that allows for the individual to solve the problem on their own. The collaborative style of coping has been found to produce the most advantages in clinical settings.〔Phillips III, R. E., Lynn, Q. K., Crossley, C. D., & Pargament, K. I. (2004). Self-Directing Religious Coping: A Deistic God, Abandoning God, or No God at All?. Journal For The Scientific Study Of Religion, 43(3), 409-418.〕 In a meta-analysis of 49 studies reviewing religion as a coping method, several mechanisms of positive coping were identified. Several are listed below. * religious purification/forgiveness * religious direction/conversion * seeking support from clergy members * spiritual connection In the same study, negative coping strategies were also pinpointed. Some of them are listed below. * spiritual discontent * punishing God reappraisal * reappraisal of God’s powers * pleading for direct intercession The study then identified forms of positive psychological adjustment, like those listed below. * acceptance * happiness * optimism * purpose in life A similar list of negative psychological adjustments was compiled. * anxiety * burden * negative mood * callousness Positive religious coping methods correlated more strongly with positive psychological adjustment than negative psychological adjustment. Similarly, negative religious coping methods correlated with negative psychological adjustment. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Religion and coping with trauma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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